Rectal cancer under 50. Screening for colorectal cancer: what’s new in 2019?

Cancer—a definition. Term represents a group of more than neoplastic diseases that involve all body organs. One or more cells lose their normal growth controlling mechanism and continue to grow uncontrolled. They tend to invade surrounding tissue and to metastasize to distant body sites.

Second leading cause of death in United States after heart disease. Ranks fourth for males and first for females as cause of death; second after accidents as cause of death for children.

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Greatest increase seen in lung cancer—consistent with smoking patterns. Incidence rate. It is predicted that the incidence of cancer in the United States could double by the middle of the century, due to growth and aging of population. Leading causes of cancer death are lungs, prostate, and colorectal for males; lungs, pengertiai filum aschelminthes, and colorectal for females.

Most common site of cancer for a female is the cervix. Steps in controlling cancer: Educate the public and professional people about cancer. Encourage methods of primary prevention. Carcinogens: agents known to increase susceptibility to cancer. Chemical carcinogens: asbestos, benzene, vinyl chloride, by-products of tobacco, arsenic, cadmium, nickel, radiation, and mustard gas.

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Iatrogenic chemical agents: diethylstilbestrol DES ; chemotherapy; hormone treatment; immunosuppressive agents, radioisotopes, cytotoxic drugs. Radiation carcinogens: x-rays; sunlight ultraviolet light ; nuclear radiation.

Viral factors: herpes simplex; Epstein—Barr; hepatitis B, and retroviruses. Genetic factors: hereditary or familial tendencies. Demographic and geographic factors.

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Dietary factors: obesity; high-fat diet; diets low in fiber; diets high in smoked or salted foods; preservatives and food additives; alcohol. Psychological factors: stress. Optimal dietary patterns and lifestyle changes.

Increase total fiber in diet—decreases risk of colon cancer. Increase cruciferous vegetables cabbage, broccoli, carrots, Brussels sprouts. Increase vitamin A—reduced incidence of larynx, esophagus, and lung cancers.

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Increase vitamin C—aids tumor encapsulation and promotes longer survival time. Increase vitamin E—inhibits growth of brain tumors, melanomas, and leukemias. Decrease alcohol consumption.

Rectal cancer under 50 salt—cured, smoked, or nitrate-cured foods. Minimize exposure to carcinogens.

Screeningul cancerului colorectal: ce este nou în 2019?

Avoid oral tobacco—increases incidence of oral cancers. Avoid exposure to asbestos fibers and constant environmental dust.

Avoid exposure to chemicals. Avoid radiation exposure and excessive exposure to sunlight. Obtain adequate rest and exercise to decrease stress. Chronic stress associated with decreased immune system functioning. Strong immune system responsible for destruction of developing malignant cells. Participate in a regular exercise program.

Rectal cancer under 50

Get adequate rest 6—8 hours per night. Have a physical exam on a regular basis, including recommended diagnostic tests. Risk assessment see Identified Causes and Risk Factors, p. Health history and physical assessment. Screening methods. Mammography, Pap test, prostate exam, prostate- specific antigen PSA blood test, etc. Self-care practices: breast self-examination BSE done every month on a regular time schedule; testicular self-examination TSE done every month; skin inspection.

Colonoscopy for males and females 50 years and older.

Fecal occult blood test for males and females 40 years and older. Characteristics A. Benign neoplasms: usually encapsulated, remain localized, and are slow growing.

Malignant neoplasms: not encapsulated, will metastasize and grow, and exert negative effects on host. Categories of malignant neoplasms.

Colorectal cancer on the rise

Carcinomas—grown from epithelial cells; usually solid tumors skin, stomach, colon, breast, rectal. Sarcomas—arise from muscle, bone, fat, or connective tissue—may be solid. Lymphomas—arise from lymphoid tissue infection-fighting organs. Leukemias and myelomas—grow from bloodforming organs.

Mechanisms of metastases. Transport of cancer cells occurs through the lymph system and either the cells reside in lymph nodes or pass between venous and lymphatic circulation.

Screeningul cancerului colorectal: ce este nou în ?

Tumors that begin in areas of the body that have extensive lymph circulation are at high risk for metastasis breast tissue. The speed of metastasis is directly related to the vascularity of the tumor. Angiogenesis: Cancer cells induce rectal cancer under 50 of new capillaries; thus cells can spread through this network. Hematogenous: Cancer cells are disseminated through the bloodstream. The bloodstream may carry cells from one site to another liver to bone.